Analysis of the pollution status of paralytic shellfish poisons in shellfish sold in Hainan Province, 2018-2021 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To investigate the pollution of paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) in shellfish sold in Hainan Province from 2018 to 2021. Methods　From 2018 to 2021, the content of 10 paralytic shellfish poisons including saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 1 (GTX1), gonyautoxins 2 (GTX2), gonyautoxins 3 (GTX3), gonyautoxins 4 (GTX4), gonyautoxins 5 (GTX5), decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), decarbamoylgonyau toxins 2 (dcGTX2) and decarbamoylgonyau toxins 3 (dcGTX3) in 7 kinds of shellfish commonly sold in 13 cities and counties in Hainan province was analyzed. Results　The detection rate of PSP in 360 shellfish samples was 10.3%. Among them, the highest detection rate of STX was 5.83%, followed by GTX2 detection rate of 4.17%; the detection rate of neoSTX and GTX3 were both 1.67%; the detection rate of GTX1 was 1.39%. None of the five PSP, GTX4, GTX5, dcSTX, dcGTX2 and dcGTX3, were detected. Four types of PSP were detected in fanscallops, two were detected in oysters, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata, only one was detected in scallops, and no toxin contamination was detected in clams and razor clams. A single sample of fanscallops detected a maximum of 4 PSP, and a single sample of oysters, scallops, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata detected a maximum of 1 PSP. The equivalence of PSP in all samples was ND-155.6 μg/kg.The annual detection rate of PSP from high to low was: 20.0% in 2020, 15.6% in 2019, 5.3% in 2018, and 2.0% in 2021, and none of the samples tested exceeded the standard. Continuously detectable STX in 2018-2020, all PSP that could be detected in 2018 were STX. In 2019, in addition to STX detected in scallops and Scapharca subcrenata, neoSTX was also detected in oysters, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata. In 2020, PSP was only detected from scallops, and GTX2 could be detected in all positive specimens, while 5 STX, 5 GTX1 and 6 GTX3 were detected. Only GTX2 detected from scallops in 2021. STX was detected in shellfish sold in 12 cities and counties, GTX2 can be detected in 10 cities and counties, neoSTX can be detected in 5 cities and counties, GTX1 and GTX2 were detected in 4 cities and counties respectively. Shellfish sold in Wenchang and Lingshui markets can detect 5 types of PSP. Conclusion　Some types of shellfish on the market in Hainan are contaminated with some kind of PSP pollution risks, and it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of PSP in marketed shellfish.

Horacio Quiroga y su relación con los venenos / Horacio Quiroga and his relationship with poisons

Resumen La vida y obra del literato Horacio Quiroga ha estado signada por venenos en varias oportunidades. Profundo conocedor de la selva misionera, plasmó en sus personajes el conocimiento de ponzoñas y venenos que poseía su flora y su fauna. En cuanto a su vida personal y la de sus familiares, el veneno estuvo presente hasta sus últimos días. Se describen en este trabajo tanto los venenos detallados en su obra como también el desenlace de su suicidio con cianuro de potasio.

Abstract The life and the work of the writer Horacio Quiroga has been marked by poisons and venoms on several occasions. Connoisseur of the flora and fauna of the Misiones jungle, he reflected in his characters the knowledge of poisons and venoms that he possessed. As for his personal life and that of his family, the poison was present until his last days. Both the poisons and venoms detailed in his work as well as the outcome of his suicide with potassium cyanide are detailed in this work.

Acerca de la muerte de Hernando de Magallanes: efectos de una flecha envenenada

Ferdinand Magellan's maritime expedition that resulted in the circumnavigation of the Earth and the discovery of the strait that bears his name is among the greatest feats in history. The trip, which took more than three years, was not completed by Magellan, who died on the island of Mactan, Philippines in a scuffle with the locals. As reported in Magellan's voyage journal written by Pigafetta, Magellan died after receiving a poisoned arrow in his right leg. This study reviews the main compounds used by indigenous from the Philippines and Southeast Asian to poison their arrows, their agents, and effects. These poisons are mainly derived from Aconitum and other species, such as Strychnos, Lophopetalum, Beaumontia, and Strophanthus. They contain cardiac alkaloids and glycosides, which can produce neurological and cardiac effects in just a few minutes. We argue that these toxic effects hindered the withdrawal of Magellan from the beach, facilitating his death in hands of the locals.

Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning: A case report / Intoxicación por fluoroacetato de sodio, un reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Sodium fluoroacetate, known as compound 1080, was discovered in Germany during the Second World War. It is usually used as a rodenticide, it is an odorless and tasteless substance, with a lethal dose in humans of 2 mg / kg that is why it was withdrawn from the market in some countries, including Colombia; however, it is obtained illegally. This substance has biochemical and physiological effects at the cellular level that alter the transport of citrate at the mitochondrial level, generating accumulation of lactic acid and alteration of the glucose use. The clinical manifestations are nonspecific since there is no any cardinal symptom. Therefore, its diagnosis is made due to high clinical suspicion associated with establishment of exposure to the compound in view of the difficulty to obtain paraclinical confirmation in a timely manner. Methods: We present a case report of intentional ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate in an adolescent that is associated with an infection added to the bloodstream by methicillin- sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The patient developed multiple complications that lead to support in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a satisfactory outcome. In view of the lack of a specific antidote, she was treated with ethanol in order to increase the level of acetate; thus, offering an alternative substrate to the Krebs cycle. It is suggested that the ethanol offers benefits in the acute treatment of these patients. Results: The patient with sodium fluoroacetate poisoning and kidney failure received renal replacement therapy with a favorable evolution and survival at discharge from the intensive care unit of a third-level hospital in the city of Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Conclusions: Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning is relatively rare and can cause acute kidney injury and multi-organ failure with a high rate of complications and death. A case of self-inflicted poisoning that received a timely manner continuous renal replacement therapy with a favorable outcome in terms of ICU survival was presented.

Resumen Introducción: El fluoroacetato de sodio ⎯conocido como compuesto 1080⎯, fue descubierto en Alemania durante la segunda guerra mundial, suele ser utilizado como raticida y se caracteriza por ser una sustancia inodora e insabora. En humanos, una dosis de 2 a mg/kg es letal; debido a su toxicidad fue retirado del mercado en algunos países, incluyendo Colombia, no obstante, se consigue de forma ilegal. Esta sustancia tiene efectos bioquímicos y fisiológicos a nivel celular que altera el transporte del citrato a nivel mitocondrial, generando acumulación de ácido láctico y alteración en la utilización de la glucosa. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas y no existe un síntoma cardinal. Por ende, su diagnóstico se realiza por alta sospecha clínica, asociado al establecimiento de la exposición al compuesto, ya que la confirmación paraclínica es difícil de realizar oportunamente. Métodos: Se presenta un reporte de caso de ingestión intencional en un adolescente, asociado con infección agregada al torrente sanguíneo por Estafilococos Aureos Meticilino Sensible (EAMS). El paciente desarrolló múltiples complicaciones y requirió asistencia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con desenlace satisfactorio. Ya que no se cuenta con antídoto específico , se le dio tratamiento con etanol para aumentar el nivel de acetato, ofreciendo así un sustrato alterno al ciclo de Krebm. Se estima que el etanol puede ofrecer beneficios en el tratamiento agudo de estos pacientes. Resultados: Paciente con intoxicación por fluoroacetato de sodio e insuficiencia renal, recibe terapia de reemplazo renal con un evolución favorable y supervivencia al alta de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Conclusiones: La intoxicación por fluoroacetato de sodio es relativamente poco frecuente y puede causar injuria renal aguda y falla multiorgánica con alta tasa de complicaciones y muerte. Se presentó un caso de intoxicación autoinfligida que recibió terapia de reemplazo renal continua temprana con un desenlace favorable en términos de supervivencia en la UCI.

A case of envenomation by the false fer-de-lance snake Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the department of La Guajira, Colombia / Un caso de envenenamiento por mordedura de una serpiente falsa cabeza de lanza, Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758), en el departamento de La Guajira, Colombia

Envenomations by colubrid snakes in Colombia are poorly known, consequently, the clinical relevance of these species in snakebite accidents has been historically underestimated. Herein, we report the first case of envenomation by opisthoglyphous snakes in Colombia occurred under fieldwork conditions at the municipality of Distracción, in the department of La Guajira. A female biologist was bitten on the index finger knuckle of her right hand when she tried to handle a false fer-de-lance snake (Leptodeira annulata). Ten minutes after the snakebite, the patient started to have symptoms of mild local envenomation such as edema, itching, and pain in the wound. After 40 minutes, the edema reached its maximum extension covering the dorsal surface of the right hand and causing complete loss of mobility. The clinical treatment focused on pain and swelling control. No laboratory tests were performed. The patient showed good progress with the total regression of the edema 120 hours after the snake-bite accident and complete recovery of the movement of the limb in one week. Venomous bites of "non-venomous snakes" (opisthoglyphous colubrid snakes) must be considered as a significant public health problem because patients lose their work capability during hours or even days and they are forced to seek medical assistance to treat the envenomation manifestations.

Los envenenamientos por colúbridos en Colombia son poco conocidos, por lo que la relevancia clínica de estas especies de serpientes en los accidentes ofídicos ha sido históricamente subestimada. Se presenta el primer caso de envenenamiento por una serpiente opistoglifa en Colombia, ocurrido bajo condiciones de trabajo de campo en el municipio de Distracción, departamento de La Guajira. Una bióloga fue mordida en el nudillo del dedo índice de la mano derecha cuando trató de manipular una falsa cabeza de lanza o falsa mapanare (Leptodeira annulata). Diez minutos después de la mordedura de la serpiente, la paciente presentó síntomas de envenenamiento local leve, como edema, picazón y dolor en la herida. Después de 40 minutos, el edema alcanzó su extensión máxima, cubriendo la superficie dorsal de la mano derecha y causando la pérdida completa de la movilidad. El tratamiento clínico se centró en el control del dolor y la inflamación. No se hicieron pruebas de laboratorio. La paciente tuvo una buena evolución, con la regresión total del edema 120 horas después del accidente ofídico y la normalización de los movimientos de la extremidad a la semana. Las mordeduras venenosas de serpientes "no venenosas" (serpientes colúbridas opistoglifas) deben considerarse un problema de salud pública importante, ya que los pacientes pierden la capacidad de trabajo durante horas o días y se ven obligados a buscar asistencia médica para contrarrestar las manifestaciones locales de envenenamiento.

Effect of hemoperfusion on ChE activity and toxicant clearance in patients with organophosphorus poisoning / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the effect of hemoperfusion (HP) on the activity of ChE in blood of patients with organophosphorus poisoning, and its toxicant clearance effect.@*Methods@#From January 2017 to January 2019, 60 patients with organophosphorus poisoning in Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University were divided into observation group and control group according to random number table method, with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine treatment, while the observation group was treated with HP on the basis of routine treatment.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.@*Results@#The duration of mechanical ventilation and conscious awakening in the observation group were (3.07±1.14) d and (1.42±0.37) d, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group[(4.15±1.22) d, (2.01±0.58)d](t=3.543, 4.697, all P<0.05). The dosage of atropine in the observation group[(252.57±28.44)mg]was significantly less than that in the control group[(282.61±29.82)mg](t=3.993, P<0.05). The activity of cholinesterase after 12 h and 24 h of treatment was significantly higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05). After 12 h and 24 h of treatment, the cholinesterase activities in the observation group were (1 128.64±152.49)U/L and (1 422.08±184.68)U/L, respectively, which were higher than those in the control group[(912.73±144.61)U/L and (1 165.32±173.27)U/L](t=5.627, 5.553, all P<0.05). After 1 d and 3 d of treatment, the concentrations of organophosphorus poisons in the observation group were (1.08±0.30)mg/L and (0.62±0.18)mg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group[(1.32±0.35)mg/L and (0.84±0.27)mg/L](t=2.852, 3.713, all P<0.05). The incidences of rebound, intermediate syndrome and multiple organ failure in the observation group were 3.33% (1/30), 6.67% (2/30) and 13.33% (4/30), respectively, which were lower than those in the control group[23.33% (7/30), 23.33% (7/30), 36.67% (11/30)](χ2=5.192, 3.278, 4.356, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#HP has obvious effect on the activity of ChE and the concentration of blood poisons in patients with organophosphorus poisoning.It is worthy of popularizing and applying in clinic.

Effect of hemoperfusion on ChE activity and toxicant clearance in patients with organophosphorus poisoning / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the effect of hemoperfusion (HP) on the activity of ChE in blood ofpatients with organophosphorus poisoning,and its toxicant clearance effect.Methods From January 2017 to January 2019,60 patients with organophosphorus poisoning in Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University were divided into observation group and control group according to random number table method , with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine treatment ,while the observation group was treated with HP on the basis of routinetreatment.Thetherapeuticeffectsof thetwogroupswerecompared.Results Thedurationof mechanical ventilation and conscious awakening in the observation group were (3.07 ±1.14) d and (1.42 ±0.37) d,respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(4.15 ±1.22) d,(2.01 ±0.58)d](t=3.543, 4.697,all P<0.05).The dosage of atropine in the observation group [(252.57 ±28.44) mg] was significantly less than that in the control group [(282.61 ±29.82)mg](t=3.993,P<0.05).The activity of cholinesterase after 12 h and 24 h of treatment was significantly higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05).After 12 h and 24 h of treatment,the cholinesterase activities in the observation group were (1128.64 ±152.49) U/L and (1422.08 ± 184.68)U/L,respectively,which were higher than those in the control group[(912.73 ±144.61) U/L and (1165.32 ± 173.27)U/L](t=5.627,5.553,all P<0.05).After 1 d and 3 d of treatment,the concentrations of organophosphorus poisons in the observation group were (1.08 ±0.30) mg/L and (0.62 ±0.18) mg/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in the control group[(1.32 ±0.35)mg/L and (0.84 ±0.27)mg/L](t =2.852, 3.713,all P<0.05).The incidences of rebound ,intermediate syndrome and multiple organ failure in the observation group were 3.33％(1/30),6.67％(2/30) and 13.33％(4/30),respectively,which were lower than those in the control group［23.33％(7／30),23.33％(7／30),36.67％(11／30)］(χ2 ＝5.192,3.278,4.356,all P ＜0.05).Conclusion HP has obvious effect on the activity of ChE and the concentration of blood poisons in patients with organophosphorus poisoning.It is worthy of popularizing and applying in clinic.

Bromadione poisoning with multiple hemorrhage after trauma as the first symptom / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To report a case of rat poison with multiple hemorrhage after trauma.@*Methods@#The clinical data of a case of rodenticide poisoning with hemorrhage as the first symptom admitted to a third-class a hospital in July 2018 were analyzed and summarized.@*Results@#This patient is a rodent drug poisoning patient with hemorrhage as the first symptom.The disease was diagnosed as bromohamelin and bromadiolone poisoning through the analysis of poison detection because the rodent drug was taken in the market and the history of taking poison was concealed. The patient was given active comprehensive treatment of vitamin K1 and other drugs for clinical cure.@*Conclusion@#For patients with clinically unexplained hemorrhage, the possibility of rodenticide poisoning should be considered and the toxicant detection should be improved actively.

The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on nitric oxide level in testis of male rats / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on testis structure and nitric oxide (NO) level in testis of rats.Methods A total of 160 adult male SD rats were divided into control group and low,medium,high dose groups.The smoke-exposed rats were respectively exposed to the smog for the periods of 2,4,6,8 and 12 weeks,10 rats in each group.The smoke-exposed rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 0.5 h per day.The testicular tissue structure was observed and the body mass and the NO level of testis were measured.Results Compared with the control group and low dose group,the body mass of the rats was significantly lower in the medium and high dose groups exposed for 4,6,8,12 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the medium dose groups,the body mass of the rats was significantly lower in the high dose group exposed for 8 weeks and 12 weeks (P<0.05).And with the increase of exposure dose,the reducing was even more obvious.Compared with the control group and low and medium dose groups,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the high dose groups exposed for 2,4,6,8 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the control group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the medium dose groups exposed for 8 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the control group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the low,medium and high dose groups exposed for 12 weeks (P<0.05);and compared with the low dose group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the medium and high dose groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Cigarette smoke exposure may have impacts on testis tissue and lead to the increase of NO level in testis of male rats.

Análisis epidemiológico y clínico de intoxicaciones agudas atendidas en montería, Colombia / Analysis epidemiology and clinical of acute poisoning of served in monteria, Colombia

Introducción. Las intoxicaciones agudas constituyen un problema de salud potencialmente grave, que representa entre 1 a 2 porciento de las urgencias médicas atendidas en los hospitales. Objetivo. Analizar el perfil epidemiológico y clínico de intoxicaciones agudas en pacientes del hospital San Jerónimo de Montería durante el tiempo comprendido entre enero del año 2008 a junio de 2011. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que incluyo a todos los pacientes diagnosticados consintomatología de intoxicación en el hospital San Jerónimo de Montería, Córdoba. Resultados.Se revisaron 316 historias clínicas; de estas el 60,5 porciento correspondieron al género masculino y el 39,5 porciento al femenino. Los accidentes ofídicos con un 47,8 porciento fue la principal causa de intoxicaciones agudas, seguido de intoxicacionespor plaguicidas con el 24,3 porciento; la mayor proporción de pacientes se presentó en el grupo etareoentre 14 a 25 años. El 64,5 porciento los pacientes procedían de las áreas rurales del departamento de Córdoba. Se presentó una mortalidad del4,5 porciento.Conclusiones. Los accidentes ofídicos y las intoxicaciones por plaguicidas fueron las principales causas de intoxicaciones agudas en la población laboralmente activa del área rural del departamento de Córdoba.

Introduction. Acute poisoning is a potentially serious health problem, which represents between 1-2 % of medical emergencies treated in hospitals. Objective. To analyze the epidemiological and clinical profile of acute poisoning in patients Monteria St. Jeronimo Hospital during the period between January 2008 to June 2011. Materials and Methods. Through a retrospective study that included all patients diagnosed with symptoms of poisoning in Monteria St. Jeronimo hospital in Córdoba. Results. 316 medical records were reviewed; of these 60.5% were masculine and 39.5 % female. The snakebites with 47.8% were the leading cause of acute poisoning, pesticide poisoning followed with 24.3%; the highest proportion was presented with patients aged 14-25 years. It was established that in 64.5% patients were from rural areas of the Department of Córdoba. A mortality of 4.5% was presented. Conclusions. The snakebites and pesticide poisoning were the leading causes of acute poisoning in the working population of the rural area of Cordoba.

"Sign of the kiss" in dermatitis caused by vesicant beetles ("potós" or Paederus sp.)

The cosmopolitan beetles of the Paederus genus (potós) cause a severe dermatitis when the insect is crushed against the skin of exposed areas (the cervical region is the most affected). Toxins (pederin and others) from the hemolymph of the insect cause plaques and/or bizarre, linear lesions with erythema, edema, blisters, pustules, crusts and exulcerations. There may be a burning sensation and severe conjunctivitis. Lesions disappear after 10 days and may leave hyperchromic macules. Treatment is made with topical corticosteroids and intensive washing.

Picadura de medusa Olindias sambaquiensis: Análisis de 49 casos

La picadura de la medusa o agua viva Olindia sambaquiensis es de ocurrencia frecuente en las playas de la costa de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se notifican entre quinientas y mil picaduras de medusas por temporada en la localidad balnearia de Monte Hermoso, al sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El daño cutáneo que provoca por su elevada acción urticante plantea un serio inconveniente para el desarrollo del turismo. Durante el mes de enero de 1998, en la localidad de Monte Hermoso se reunieron un total de 49 casos que fueron examinados dentro de la hora posterior a la picadura. Veintiocho eran de sexo masculino (57.1%). La edad promedio fue de 16 ± 4.1 (rango 5-80). El 54% presentó lesiones eritemato-edematosas de configuración lineal, el 28% presentó lesiones predominantemente eritematosas y el 18% presentó placas eritemato-edematosas. En el 73% de los casos las lesiones se localizaron en miembros inferiores. Hemos redefinido la lesión cutánea producida por la medusa O. sambaquiensis, su evolución, sus dimensiones y localizaciones más frecuentes. Además, se ha tipificado y cuantificado el dolor que produce, y otros signos y síntomas que acompañan a la picadura en la hora posterior, a las primeras 24 horas y a los 30 días. Describimos las conductas terapéuticas utilizadas en nuestra costa, evaluamos la efectividad de algunas de ellas en el control del dolor y finalmente proponemos un esquema terapéutico para dicha picadura.

Olindias sambaquiensis jellyfish sting occurs frequently in Buenos Aires province coast beaches. Among five hundred and one thousand stings by jellyfish are reported each season at Monte Hermoso, a beach village in the South of Buenos Aires province. The skin damage provoked because of its highly irritant effect poses a serious issue related to tourism development. A total number of 49 cases that were examined during the first hour after the sting were enrolled in Monte Hermoso during January 1998. Twenty eight were males (57.1%). The average age was 16 ± 4.1 (range 5-80). Of them, 54% showed linear erythema-edematous lesions, 28% showed predominantly erythematous lesions, and in 18% the injuries were erythema-edematous plaques. In 73% of the cases the lesions were located in lower limbs. We had hereby redefined cutaneous lesions produced by O. sambaquiensis, its evolution, its dimensions and most frequent localizations. Besides, it has been typified and quantified the pain it provokes and other signs and symptoms that go with the sting during the posterior hour, during the first 24 hours, and after 30 days. We described the therapeutic conducts used in our coasts and we assessed the effectiveness of some of them in pain control, and finally we propose a therapeutic scheme for this sting.

The dynamic distribution of free organophosphorus with different degrees of hydrosolubility in the blood and adipose tissues of poisoned rabbits / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To study the distribution and significance of free organophosphorus poisons (FOP)with different degrees of hudrosolubility in the blood and adipose tissues of poisoned rabbits.Methods Seventy two male livid blue rabbits with 2-2.5 kg body weight were divided into 3 groups as per the rabbits intoxicated with different kinds of organophosphorous given subcutaneously,namely monocrotophos(11.12 mg/kg)group,trichloffon(556.0 mg/kg)group and methyl parathion(37.05 mg/kg)group(n =24 in each).Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups(n =6,in each).Blood samples and adipose tissues were collected 1 h,6 h,24 h and 96 h after administration of organophosphorous.Blood cells and plasma were separated.Well-formed adipose tissue homogenates were made.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activities were assayed with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid(DTNB)enzyme kinetic method.The levels of FOPs in blood plasma,blood cells and adipose tissues were determined with enzyme inhibition method.Results There were signiflc.ant differences in FOP concentrations of plasma,blood cells and adipose tissues among moncrotophos group,trichlorfon group and methyl pararthion group at the intervals of 1,6 and 24 hours after organophosphorous administered(all P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in FOP concentrations of moncrotophos among blood plasma,blood cells and adipose tissues at intervals of 1,6,24 and 96 hours.FOP concentrations of trichlorfon in adipose tissues were significantly higher than those in blood cells and plasma at intervals of 1,6,24 hours after organophosphorous administered(P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in FOP concentrations of pararthion in blood plasma compared with blood cells and adipose tissues at intervals of 1 and 6 hours after organophosphorous administered(P ＜ 0.05)and no difference was found over 24 hours after administration of organophosphorous(P ＞ 0.05).The significant differences in the rates of FOP clearance from blood and adipose tissues were also found between different organophosphates(P ＜ 0.05,moncrotophos ＞ trichlorfon ＞methyl pararthion).Conclusions With the decrease in hydrosolubility of organophosphates,the increase in adipose tissue-specific retention was found and the time required for clearance from blood and adipose tissue was prolonged.Adipose tissue was the major storage site for organophosphates with low hydrosolubility.

The Usefulness of a Triage Kit for Detecting Abused Drugs / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: The recovery and outcome of intoxicated patients depends on the kind of drugs they took and the total time of their initial management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a Triage drug kit for detecting abused drugs. METHODS: From 2003 Feb. to 2003 July, we studied the patients who visited the emergency department with suspicious drug intoxication. In this case, we used a Triage drug kit for 134 patients with drug intoxication or who were clinically suspected of taking illegal drugs, with 30 of the patients initially admitting the substance they had used. The kit is an immunoassay kit for qualitative testing drug metabolites in urine. To compare with those cases of the preceding year, we studied 104 patients with drug intoxication that was detected between February 2002 and July 2002. RESULTS: Overall, 60% of the 30 cases who did not know what substance they abused and tested positive for, and 33% of the 27 cases with suspected intoxication confirmed their substance abuse. The positive rate for benzodiazepine use was the highest (46.7%), and there were no positive results regarding amphetamine, methamphetamine or cocaine. An appropriate antidote was administered significantly more frequently in the group for which we used the kit. CONCLUSIONS: A Triage drug kit is probably useful for diagnosing acute drug intoxication and for identifying the causative substance. However, the time required to decide whether or not a patient should be admitted is not reduced. If the kit can detect the frequently abused drugs in Korea, it will be helpful for treating drug intoxicated patients.

A Retrospective Review of Patients Who Ingested Liquid Household Bleach Containing Sodium Hypochlorite

PURPOSE: Bleaching agents containing sodium hypochlorite are widely used at home to bleach laundry and to disinfect hard surfaces. A retrospective study, with a literature review, was conducted to focus attention on the clinical outcome after accidental or intentional ingestion of sodium hypochlorite. METHODS: The medical records of 67 patients presented to the Inha University emergency department for sodium hypochlorite ingestion between June 1996 and July 2003 were retrospectively examined. RESULTS: The Mean volume of the bleach in the 56 patients who ingested the bleach in a suicide attempt was significantly larger than that of the 11 patients with accidental ingestion (P=0.001). Nausea and vomiting was present in 79% of the patients. The volume of ingestion in patients with vomiting was significantly larger than that in patients without vomiting (P=0.001). Patients with epigastric pain ingested larger volumes of bleach compared to patients without the pain (P=0.01). Endoscopic examinations were performed in seven patient, and normal findings were seen in three patients. Grade 1 caustic injury was observed in two patients, and Grade 2 injuries in the rest. CONCLUSION: The solution of the sodium hypochlorite may cause mild symptoms and seems to be safe after ingestion. However, careful evaluation with endoscopy and hospital admission should be considered if there are symptoms or signs suggesting caustic injury of the esophagus and/or stomach or if the ingested volume is large.

Situation on insecticide, raticide poisons in five years 1996 - 2000 by poisoning analyses at Hai Phong Viet Tiep Hospital

By synthesizing and analysing poisoning analyses from 1996 to 2000 at Hai Phong Viet Tiep Hospital found an increasing incidence of insecticide and raticide poisons. Incidence of insecticide and raticide was 21.18% in 1996, in which raticide rate was 5.08%, raticide rate was 20.11% in 2000, there were a noticeable rate of raticide poisons without knowing the origin of the raticide in chinese (called chinese raticide). The poisoning analyses played a considerable role in giving first aid for poisons in general and for insecticide and raticide poisons in particilar

Spindle poisons induce tk gene mutation in mouse lymphoma cells / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the effects of spindle poisons (Vincristine, VCR and Colchicine, COL) on the tk gene of mouse lymphoma cells. Methods L5178Y cells were treated with VCR and COL at different concentrations. Determination of cytotoxicity, cell inoculation efficiency, relative survival rate, relative suspension growth rate and mutation frequency was performed. Results The relative survival rate and suspension growth rate of L5178Y cells decreased significantly with the increasing doses of VCR and COL. The mutation frequency of tk gene induced by VCR (0.5～2.5 ng/ml) and COL(10～50 ng/ml) was 1～3 times higher than that of spontaneous mutation frequency of L5178Y cells. Conclusion VCR and COL have obvious cytotoxic and mutagenic effects on tk gene in L5178Y cells.

Prevalencia y mortalidad por accidentes en niños menores de 10 años Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría" / Prevalence and mortaliti due to accidents in children under 10 years of age

Objetivo: describir las características y casuística de los accidentes en niños que consultan al Hospital del Niño "Ovidio Aliaga U". Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de serie de casos. Lugar: Hospital del Niño de la ciudad de La Paz, Bolivia. Centro estatal, de tercer nivel. Participantes: 422 niños menores de 10 años que consultaron al Hospital del Niño por motivo de un accidente. Mediciones del resultado principal: a todos los padres o tutores de los niños se les aplicó una entrevista donde se consignaron datos generales del paciente, antecedentes socioeconómicos de la familia, agentes etiológicos, tipos de lesiones, lugar de ocurrencia del accidente. Resultados: De 422 casos registrados, fueron varones el 55%, la edad promedio fue de 5.3 años. En el 84% de los casos el niño no se encontraba con sus padres y en un 56% se encontraba al cuidado de otro menor de edad. El 20% de los pacientes tenía antecedentes de accidentes previos en los últimos 6 meses. Las causas más comunes fueron: caídas 36%, quemaduras 20%, accidentes de tráfico 15.4%, envenenamientos 6% y mordeduras de animales 4.5%. Según el tipo de lesión producida fueron: heridas 31%, quemaduras 17%, fracturas 16% y el resto lesiones superficiales Conclusiones: los accidentes en niños constituyen una causa importante de consulta e internación a un hospital de tercer nivel. Es remarcable mencionar que existen factores de riesgo prevenibles como la ausencia de los padres en el momento del accidente, la disponibilidad de elementos inflamables en domicilio que favorecen las quemaduras. Por lo anterior consideramos importante la puesta en marcha de campañas educativas de prevención.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of accidents in children treated at the Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría Children´s Hospital Design: Descriptive, prospective study of a series of cases Participants: 422 children under 10 years of age that were treated at the Children's Hospital because of accidents. Study method: All parents and tutors were interviewed to obtain general information on the patient, family, social and economic background and details about the accident. Results: Out of 422 cases, 55% were male, average age 5.3 years. In 84% of all cases the child was not with his parents and 56 % were under the care of a minor. 20% of the patients had a history of previous accidents within the past 6 months. The most common accidents were: falls (36%), burns (20%), traffic accidents (15.4%), poisoning (6%) and animal bites (4,5%). The most common lesions were: wounds (31%), burns (17%), fractures (16%) and the rest were superficial lesions. Conclusions: Accidents are an important cause of consultation and admission at a third level hospital. It is important to mention that there are preventable risk factors, like the absence of parents, the presence of flammable objects in the home, leading to burns. In view of these facts we consider it important to educate the population in the prevention of home accidents.

Advances in methods of assay and detoxification of shellfish poisons / 中国海洋药物

In this paper, the origins, characteristics and poisoning mechanisms of shellfish poisons including the paralytic shellfish poison(PSP),the diarrheic shellfish poison(DSP), the neurotoxic shellfish poison(NSP) and the amnestic shellfish poison(ASP) were introduced briefly. Methods of assay and detoxification of shellfish poisons were also discussed in detail.

The report of poisons detection in the dead victims investigated at the Chulalongkorn Hospital.

Statistics of poison detection in 692 cases resulting in deaths were investigated at the Chulalongkorn Hospital during the period from 1971 to 1985 revealed that there were 416 positive cases. The detected poisons consisted of approximately 30 compounds. Among them, ethyl alcohol was the most frequently found poison; the next compounds were paraquat, salicylates, opiates and benzodiazepines, respectively.